Freshwater ecosystems, though covering less than 1% of Earth's surface, support over 100,000 species. However, agrochemical pollution and soil erosion from agricultural activities threaten this biodiversity. Two conservation strategies, land sparing and land sharing (LSLS), aim to balance agriculture and biodiversity. Land sparing focuses on intensifying farming while setting aside land for conservation. Land sharing, on the other hand, integrates conservation with food production through eco-friendly farming practices in more natural landscapes. Most LSLS research to date has concentrated on terrestrial ecosystems, while the impact of LSLS configurations on aquatic habitats is still unexplored. We conducted a paired stream observational study to examine how LSLS configurations influence the biodiversity of stream macroinvertebrates. Using national land cover data and the spatial contagion index, Moran's I, we identified sites in Pennsylvania where streams flowed through watersheds characterized by land sparing configurations and paired those with similar neighboring streams flowing through land sharing configurations. We sampled macroinvertebrate diversity in streams while collecting data for a suite of covariates that may influence diversity locally (e.g., sediment size, algal biofilm, and nitrate and phosphate concentrations). Preliminary analysis reveals a notable difference in species richness between sharing and sparing configurations, with sharing configurations supporting greater richness (p = 0.009). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the ash-free dry mass of algal biofilm (a proxy for food availability to macroinvertebrates; p = 0.034) and phosphate concentration (p = 0.006) were significant predictors of species richness, whereas sediment size did not exert a significant effect (p = 0.721). We are currently working to improve the model to account for other covariates that could influence biodiversity, after which we will examine the response of individual taxa to land use configuration.